Knowledge Management

1.What is the management ?

Management is the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people.

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2.What is knowledge management ?

Knowledge Management is the collection of processes that govern the creation, dissemination, and utilization of knowledge. In one form or another, knowledge management has been around for a very long time. Practitioners have included philosophers, priests, teachers, politicians, scribes, Liberians, etc.

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3.What is information system ?

Information systems, as a discipline, focuses on exploring the interface between management, information science and computer science. Computer Science focuses on information technology: software. Information Systems mediates the two opposing worlds of human activity systems and information technology.

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4.What are the component of information systems? 

5 COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM:

1. COMPUTER HARDWARE

2. SOFTWARE

3. DATA

4. PROCEDURES

5. PEOPLE

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5.Why do we need to apply the knowledge management process in our business ?

Because competitive success will be based on how strategically intellectual capital is managed .

What is copyright

1. What is copyright

Copyright is a form of protection provided to the authors of “original works” and includes such things as literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual creations, both published and unpublished. Copyright does not protect ideas. It only protects the specific and original expression of the idea. A good example of this is that there are many films and books based on the classic boy meets girl theme in which the girl’s parents disapprove of boy and after many tears, true love finally triumphs. This theme cannot be monopolised, but original works to it can be. The same can be said of all other works.

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2. What is fair use

Fair use is a copyright principle based on the belief that the public is entitled to freely use portions of copyrighted materials forpurposes of commentary and criticism. For example, if you wish to criticize a novelist, you should have the freedom to quote a portion of the novelist's work without asking permission. Absent this freedom, copyright owners could stifle any negative comments about their work.
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3.What is patent

A patent is a right granted for any device, substance, method or process which is new, inventive and useful.

A patent is legally enforceable and gives the owner the exclusive right to commercially exploit the invention for the life of the patent. This is not automatic-you must apply for a patent to obtain exclusive rights to exploit your invention. Kambrook learned this the hard way.

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4. What is not copyright - protected

 1. Pre-existing material

Copyright protection for a work does not extend to pre-existing material. It is only provided for those portions of a work that result from original authorship.

2. Facts

The Unites States Code does not specifically identify "facts" as being exempt from protection. Rather, it states, "In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work." The U.S. Supreme Court, in Feist vs. Rural Telephone, says that this is "universally"  understood to exclude facts, as well. 

3. Ideas, Principles, and Concepts

deas, principles, and concepts are specifically excluded from copyright protection. If they weren't, then the first person who wrote a romance novel would have a monopoly.  

4.Procedures, processes, systems, or method of operation

A simple example of this would be a recipe. A basic recipe is a procedure for the process of producing something to eat. A recipe that is nothing more than that will not be protected by copyright law. When a recipe is written in an original, descriptive fashion, then those elements of the recipe that embody the description are protected.

5.Public Domain

A work in the public domain belongs to everyone and is not protected by copyright.  Once material lapses or is placed into public domain, it will always remain in the public domain.

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Rubric Evaluation

	Levels (Criteria)
Dimensions (Categories)	Strong "In Control" 5	Developing "Coming Along" 3	Not There Yet 1	Points
IDEAS	-clear and focussed -holds attention -rich with details and anecdotes -fresh, original treatment of ideas -easy to understand	-adequate but mundane treatment of ideas -some attempt at support or expansion but key issues or story line not fleshed out or confused by irrelevant detail -all events assume equal importance	-unclear -leaves reader hungry for details -text may be repetitious, confusing or disconnected - random thoughts
ORGANIZATION	-order, structure or presentation of information is compelling and moves the reader through the text -flows smoothly -inviting introduction draws reader in -satisfying conclusion -thoughtful, smooth transitions	-structure moves reader through text without confusion -recognizable introduction and conclusion -connections between ideas may be unclear at times	-a clear sense of direction is not evident -ideas may be strung together loosely -ineffective or nonexistent lead and conclusion -hard to determine the main point
VOICE	-tone of writing is individual and engaging, appropriate to purpose and audience -writer has taken risks by revealing himself -commitment to topic	-writing contains generalities and few personal insight -tone may be pleasant and "safe" -individual perspective or sincerity is not evident	-style does not match audience or purpose -monotone, flat writing -lifeless, risk-free
WORD CHOICE	-powerful, engaging words, convey the intended impression in a precise, interesting and natural way -phrases create pictures, linger in reader's mind	-words are adequate, correct -attempts at colourful language may go too far -passive verbs, mundane nouns, some adjectives and adverbs	-vocabulary may be vague and immature -clichés, jargon -guess at meaning
SENTENCE FLUENCY	-natural flow to sentences -sentences are well-constructed with strong and varied structure -cadence invites oral reading	-text seems more pleasant and businesslike than musical -sentences are generally correct with some variety in length and structure	-sentences choppy or awkward -most sentences are simple in structure and begin the same way -frequent connectives
CONVENTIONS	-writer demonstrates a grasp of standard writing conventions -some minor errors	-reasonable control over conventions -some misspellings, errors in internal punctuation, attempted paragraphing	-frequent errors in conventions may interfere with reading

How search engines work ?

Please note: search engines are not simple. They include incredibly detailed processes and methodologies, and are updated all the time. This is a bare bones look at how search engines work to retrieve your search results. All search engines go by this basic process when conducting search processes, but because there are differences in search engines, there are bound to be different results depending on which engine you use.

1. The searcher types a query into a search engine.
2. Search engine software quickly sorts through literally millions of pages in its database to find matches to this query.
3. The search engine's results are ranked in order of relevancy.

Examples of Search Engines

There are a TON of great search engines out there for you to choose from. Whatever your search need might be, you'll find a search engine to meet it.



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 Three type of search engines

1. Directory  search engine

Internet search engines are categorized by topic in our searchable directory of general and specialty search engines. Also listed are resources and tools for exploring the deep web, performing advanced research, and for learning about using search engine tools and technology. Example Yahoo

2.General search engine

A general search engine is a search engine that covers the overall Web, using its own spider to collect Web pages for its own index.

When to use a general search engine

• When you have a well-defined topic or idea to research
• When your topic is obscure
• When you are looking for a specific site
• When you want to search the full text of millions of Web pages
• When you want to retrieve a large number of Web sites on your topic
• When you want to search for particular types of documents, sites, file types, languages, date last modified, geographical location, etc.

Examples of general search engines

This is easy. General search engines have been popular and newsworthy for many years.

• Google
• Bing
• Yahoo! 

3.Meta search engine

A metasearch engine is a search tool^[1] that sends user requests to several other search engines and/or databases and aggregates the results into a single list or displays them according to their source. Metasearch engines enable users to enter search criteria once and access several search engines simultaneously. Metasearch engines operate on the premise that the Web is too large for any one search engine to index it all and that more comprehensive search results can be obtained by combining the results from several search engines. This also may save the user from having to use multiple search engines separately.

The term "metasearch" is frequently used to classify a set of commercial search engines, see the list of search engines, but is also used to describe the paradigm of searching multiple data sources in real time. The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) uses the terms Federated Search and Metasearch interchangeably to describe this web search paradigm.

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